СОДРЖИНА:
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION History and task of folk psychology--Its relation
to ethnology--Analytic and synthetic methods of exposition--Folk
psychology as a psychological history of the development of
mankind--Division into four main periods.
CHAPTER I--PRIMITIVE MAN
1. THE DISCOVERY OF PRIMITIVE MAN Early philosophical
hypotheses--Prehistoric remains--Schweinfurth's discovery of the
Pygmies of the Upper Congo--The Negritos of the Philippines, the
inland tribes of Malacca, the Veddahs of Ceylon.
2. THE CULTURE OF PRIMITIVE MAN IN ITS EXTERNAL EXPRESSIONS Dress,
habitation, food, weapons--Discovery of bow and arrow--Acquisition
of fire--Relative significance of the concept 'primitive.'
3. THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY Bachofen's "Mother-right"
and the hypothesis of an original promiscuity--Group-marriage and
the Malayan system of relationship--Erroneous interpretation of
these phenomena--Polygyny and polyandry--The monogamy of primitive
peoples.
4. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY The primitive horde--Its relation to the
animal herd--Single family and tribe--Lack of tribal organization.
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF LANGUAGE Languages of primitive tribes of
to-day--The gesture-language of the deaf and dumb, and of certain
peoples of nature--natural gesture-language--Its syntax--General
conclusions drawn from gesture-language.
6. THE THINKING OF PRIMITIVE MAN The Soudan languages as examples
of relatively primitive modes of thinking--The so-called 'roots'
as words--The concrete character of primitive thought--Lack of
grammatical categories--Primitive man's thinking perceptual.
7. EARLIEST BELIEFS IN MAGIC AND DEMONS Indefiniteness of the
concept 'religion'--Polytheistic and monotheistic theories of
the origin of religion--Conditions among the Pygmies--Belief
in magic and demons as the content of primitive thought--Death
and sickness--The corporeal soul--Dress and objects of personal
adornment as instruments of magic--The causality of magic.
8. THE BEGINNINGS OF ART The art of dancing among primitive
peoples--Its importance as a means of magic--Its accompaniment
by noise-instruments---The dance-song--The beginnings of
musical instruments--The bull-roarer and the rattle--Primitive
ornamentation--Relation between the imitation of objects and
simple geometrical drawings (conventionalization)--The painting of
the Bushmen--Its nature as a memorial art.
9. THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE
MAN Freedom from wants--Significance of isolation--Capacity
for observation and reflection--No inferiority as to original
endowment demonstrable--Negative nature of the morality of
primitive man--Dependence upon the environment.
CHAPTER II--THE TOTEMIC AGE
1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM The word 'totem'--Its
significance for cult--Tribal organization and the institution of
chieftainship--Tribal wars--Tribal ownership of land--The rise of
hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals.
2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE Australian culture--Its low level
of economic life--Its complicated tribal organization--Perfected
weapons--Malayo-Polynesian culture--The origin and migrations
of the Malays--Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian
mythology--The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive
features--Perfection of totemic tribal organization--Decline of
totem cults--African cultures--Increased importance of cattle
raising--Development of despotic forms of rulership--Survivals of
totemism in the Asiatic world.
3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Similarity in the tribal
organizations of the Australians and the American Indians--Totem
groups as cult associations--Retrogression in America--The totem
animal as a coat of arms--The principle of dual division--Systems
consisting of two, four, and eight groups.
4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY Unlimited and limited exogamy--Direct
and indirect maternal or paternal descent--Effects upon
marriage between relatives--Hypotheses concerning the origin of
exogamy--Hygienic theory--Marriage by capture.
5. MODES OF CONTRACTING MARRIAGE Marriage by peaceful
capture within the same kinship group--Exogamous marriage by
barter--Marriage by purchase and marriage by contract--Survivals
of marriage by capture.
6. THE CAUSES OF TOTEMIC EXOGAMY Relation of clan division to
totem groups--Totem friendships--Parental and traditional totem
alliances--The rise of exogamy with direct and with indirect
maternal or paternal descent.
7. THE FORMS OF POLYGAMY Origin of group-marriage--Chief wife and
secondary wives--Polyandry and polygyny and their combination--The
prevalence and causes of these forms of marriage.
8. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF TOTEMISM Two principles of
classification--Tribal and individual totemism--Conception
and sex totemism--Animal and plant totemism--Inanimate totems
(churingas)--Relation to ancestor worship and to fetishism.
9. THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMIC IDEAS Theories based on names--Spencer
and Lang--Frazer's theory of conception totemism as the origin of
totemism--The animal transformations of the breath soul--Relations
to soul belief--Soul animals as totem animals.
10. THE LAWS OF TABOO The concept 'taboo'--The taboo in Polynesia
--The taboo of mother-in-law and father-in-law--Connection with
couvade--The sacred and the impure--Rites of purification--Fire,
water, and magical transference.
11. SOUL BELIEFS OF THE TOTEMIC AGE The psyche as a breath and
shadow soul--Its relation to the corporeal soul--Chief bearers of
the corporeal soul--Modes of disposition of the dead.
12. THE ORIGIN OF THE FETISH Fetishes in totem cult--Attainment of
independence by fetishism--Fetishes as the earliest forms of the
divine image--Retrogressive development of cult objects--Fetish
cult as a cult of magic and demons--Amulet and talisman.
13. THE ANIMAL ANCESTOR AND THE HUMAN ANCESTOR The Mura-Mura
legends of the Australians--The animal ancestor--Transition to the
human ancestor--Relation to disposal of the corpse and to cults of
the dead--Surviving influences of totemism in ancestor cult.
14. THE TOTEMIC CULTS Customs relating to disposition of
the corpse and to sacrifices to the dead--Initiation into
manhood--Vegetation cults--Australian Intichiuma festivals--Cults
of the soil at the stage of hoe-culture--Underlying factor of
community of labour--Unification of cult purposes and their
combination with incipient deity cults.
15. THE ART OF THE TOTEMIC AGE Tatooing--Ceramics--Construction
of dwellings--Pole-houses--The ceremonial dance--Instruments of
concussion and wind Instruments--Cult-songs and work-songs--The
märchen-myth and its developmental forms.
CHAPTER III--THE AGE OF HEROES AND GODS
1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE HEROIC AGE Significance of the
individual personality--The hero an ideal human being, the god an
ideal hero--Changes in economic life and in society--The rise of
the State.
2. THE EXTERNAL CULTURE OF THE HEROIC AGE Folk migration and
the founding of States--Plough-culture--Breeding of domestic
animals--The wagon--The taming of cattle--The ox as a draught
animal--The production of milk--Relation of these achievements to
cult--Warfare and weapons--Rise of private property--Colonization
and trade.
3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SOCIETY The place of the State
in the general development of society--The duodecimal and the
decimal systems in the organization of political society--The mark
community and military organization.
4. FAMILY ORGANIZATION WITHIN POLITICAL SOCIETY The joint
family--The patriarchal family--Paternal descent and paternal
dominance--Reappearance of the monogamous family.
5. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CLASSES Common property and private
property--The conquering race and the subjugated population--
Distinction in rank and property--The influence of State and of
legal system.
6. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF VOCATIONS The priesthood as combining
class and vocation--Military and political activity--Agriculture
and the lower vocations---The gradual equalization of respect
accorded to vocations.
7. THE ORIGIN OF CITIES The original development of the
city--Castle and temple as the signs of a city--The guardian deity
of city and State--Secondary developments.
8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM Custom and law--Civil law as
the original province of law--Political and religious factors--The
council of elders and the chieftain--The arbitrator and the
appointed judge--The religious sanction of legal practices.
9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL LAW Blood revenge and its
replacement--Wergild--Right of sanctuary--Development of
imprisonment out of private custody of wrongdoer--The _Jus
Talionis_--Increase in complexity of rewards and punishments.
10. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEGAL FUNCTIONS Division of the
judicial function--Influence of social organization--Logical
classification of forms of the State lacking in genetic
significance--Development of constitutions out of history and
custom.
11. THE ORIGIN OF GODS Degeneration theories and developmental
theories--Hypotheses of an original monotheism or
polytheism--Theory based on nature-mythology--Demon theory of
Usener--Characteristics distinguishing the god from the demon and
the hero--The god as the result of a fusion of ideal hero and
demon.
12. THE HERO SAGA The hero of saga and the hero of märchen--The
purely mythical and the historical hero saga--Magic in märchen and
saga--The religious legend--The saint legend.
13. COSMOGONIC AND THEOGONIC MYTHS The gods as demoniacal
beings--Their struggle with the demons of earliest times--Myths of
creation--Sagas of flood and of universal conflagration--Myths of
world-destruction.
14. THE BELIEF IN SOULS AND IN A WORLD BEYOND Sequence of
ideas of the beyond--The spirit-village--The islands of
the blessed--Myths of the underworld--Distinction between
dwelling-places of souls--Elysium--The underworld and the
celestial regions--Purgatory--Cults of the beyond--The conception
of salvation--Transmigration of souls.
15. THE ORIGIN OF DEITY CULTS Relation of myth and cult--Religious
significance of cult--Vegetation cults--Union of cult
purposes--Mystery cults.
16. THE FORMS OF CULT PRACTICES Prayer--Conjuration and the prayer
of petition--Prayer of thanksgiving--Praise--The penitential
psalm--Sacrifice--Purpose of sacrifice originally magical--Jewish
peace-offering and sin-offering--Development of conception
of gift--Connection between value and sacrifice--Votive and
consecration gifts--Sacrifice of the first fruits--Sanctification
ceremonies--Means of lustration as means of sanctification--Water
and fire--Baptism and circumcision--Magical sanctification--Human
sacrifice as a means of sanctification.
17. THE ART OF THE HEROIC AGE Temple and palace--The human
figure as the subject of formative art--Art as generic and as
individualizing--The appreciation of the significant--Expression
of subjective mood in landscape painting--The epic--Its influence
upon the cult-song--The drama--Music as an accessory and as an
independent art.
CHAPTER IV--THE DEVELOPMENT TO HUMANITY
1. THE CONCEPT 'HUMANITY' Herder's idea of humanity as the goal of
history--The concepts 'mankind' and 'human nature'--Humanity as a
value-concept--The idea of a cultural community of mankind and its
developmental forms.
2. WORLD EMPIRES The empires of Egypt and of Western Asia--The
monarch as ruler of the world--The ruler as deity--Apotheosis
of deceased rulers--Underlying cause of formation of
empires--Disappearance of world empires from history.
3. WORLD CULTURE The world dominion of Alexander--Greek
as the universal language--Writing and speech as factors
of culture--Travel as symptomatic of culture--Hellenistic
world culture and its results--The culture of the
Renaissance--Cosmopolitanism and individualism.
4. WORLD RELIGIONS Unity of the world of gods--Cult of Æsculapius
and cults of the beyond--Their transition into redemption
cults--Buddhism and Christianity--Development of the idea of a
superpersonal deity--The incarnate god as the representative of
this deity--Three aspects of the concept 'representative.'
5. WORLD HISTORY Twofold significance of the concept
'history'--History as self-conscious experience--The rôle of
will in history--Prehistoric and historic periods--Influence of
world culture and world religions on the rise of the historical
consciousness--The philosophy of history--Its relation to a
psychological history of the development of mankind.
INDEX
(изв. проект Гутенберг)
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