...
In his
diet, also, he was most temperate, as appears, omitting many
other circumstances, by what he said to
After
the battle of Issus, he sent to Damascus to seize upon the money
and baggage, the wives and children, of the Persians, of which spoil the Thessalian horsemen had the greatest share; for he had taken
particular notice of their gallantry in the fight, and
sent them thither on purpose to make their reward suitable
to their courage. Not but that the rest of the army had so
considerable a part of the booty as was sufficient to enrich them
all. This first gave the Macedonians such a taste of the Persian wealth and women and barbaric splendour of living, that they were ready
to pursue and follow upon it with all the eagerness of
hounds upon a scent. But Alexander, before he proceeded
any further, thought it necessary to assure himself of the
sea-coast. Those who governed in
While
the body of the army lay before Tyre, he made an excursion against
the Arabians who inhabit the Mount Antilibanus, in which he hazarded his life extremely to bring off his master Lysimachus, who would
needs go along with him, declaring he was neither older
nor inferior in courage to Phoenix, Achilles's guardian.
For when, quitting their horses, they began to march up
the hills on foot, the rest of the soldiers outwent them a
great deal, so that night drawing on, and the enemy near, Alexander was fain to stay behind so long, to encourage and help up the lagging
and tired old man, that before he was aware he was left
behind, a great way from his soldiers, with a slender attendance,
and forced to pass an extremely cold night in the dark,
and in a very inconvenient place; till seeing a great many
scattered fires of the enemy at some distance, and trusting to
his agility of body, and as he was always wont by undergoing toils and labours himself to cheer and support the Macedonians in any
distress, he ran straight to one of the nearest fires, and
with his dagger despatching two of the barbarians that sat
by it, snatched up a lighted brand, and returned with it
to his own men. They immediately made a great fire, which so
alarmed the enemy that most of them fled, and those that assaulted them were soon routed and thus they rested securely the remainder of
the night. Thus Chares writes.
But to
return to the siege, it had this issue. Alexander, that he
might refresh his army, harassed with many former encounters, had led only a small party towards the walls, rather to keep the enemy
busy than with any prospect of much advantage. It happened
at this time that Aristander, the soothsayer, after he had
sacrificed, upon view of the entrails, affirmed confidently
to those who stood by that the city should be certainly taken that
very month, upon which there was a laugh and some mockery among the soldiers, as this was the last day of it. The king, seeing him in
perplexity, and always anxious to support the credit of
the predictions, gave order that they should not count it
as the thirtieth, but as the twenty-third of the month,
and ordering the trumpets to sound, attacked the walls more seriously
than he at first intended. The sharpness of the assault so inflamed the rest of his forces who were left in the camp, that they could
not hold from advancing to second it, which they performed
with so much vigour that the Tyrians retired, and the town
was carried that very day. The next place he sat down
before was
From
hence he sent great part of the spoils to Olympias, Cleopatra, and the rest of his friends, not omitting his preceptor Leonidas,
on whom he bestowed five hundred talents' weight of
frankincense and an hundred of myrrh, in remembrance of
the hopes he had once expressed of him when he was but a
child. For Leonidas, it seems, standing by him one day while he
was sacrificing, and seeing him take both his hands full of incense to throw into the fire, told him it became him to be more sparing
in his offerings, and not to be so profuse till he was
master of the countries which those sweet gums and saying,
come from. So Alexander now wrote to him, saying, "We
have sent you abundance of myrrh and frankincense, that for
the future you may not be stingy to the gods." Among the treasures and other booty that was taken from Darius, there was a very
precious casket, which being brought to Alexander for a
great rarity, he asked those about him what they thought
fittest to be laid up in it; and when they had delivered their
various opinions, he told them he should keep Homer's Iliad in it. This is attested by many credible authors, and if what those of
Alexander
upon this immediately rose up and went to Pharos, which, at
that time, was an island lying a little above the Canobic mouth of the river
This
was a long and painful, and, in two respects, a dangerous journey;
first, if they should lose their provision of water, as for several days none could be obtained; and, secondly, if a violent south
wind should rise upon them, while they were travelling
through the wide extent of deep sands, as it is said to
have done when Cambyses led his army that way, blowing the
sand together in heaps, and raising, as it were, the whole desert
like a sea upon them, till fifty thousand were swallowed up and destroyed by it. All these difficulties were weighed and
represented to him; but Alexander was not easily to be
diverted from anything he was bent upon. For fortune
having hitherto seconded him in his designs, made him resolute
and firm in his opinions, and the boldness of his temper raised a sort of passion in him for surmounting difficulties; as if it
were not enough to be always victorious in the field,
unless places and seasons and nature herself submitted to
him. In this journey, the relief and assistance the gods
afforded him in his distresses were more remarkable, and obtained greater belief than the oracles he received afterwards, which,
however, were valued and credited the more on account of
those occurrences. For first, plentiful rains that fell
preserved them from any fear of perishing by drought, and,
allaying the extreme dryness of the sand, which now became moist
and firm to travel on, cleared and purified the air. Besides this, when they were out of their way, and were wandering up and down,
because the marks which were wont to direct the guides
were disordered and lost, they were set right again by
some ravens, which flew before them when on their march,
and waited for them when they lingered and fell behind; and the
greatest miracle, as Callisthenes tells us, was that if any of the company went astray in the night, they never ceased croaking and
making a noise till by that means they had brought them
into the right way again. Having passed through the
wilderness, they came to the place where the high priest,
at the first salutation, bade Alexander welcome from his father Ammon. And being asked by him whether any of his father's
murderers had escaped punishment, he charged him to speak
with more respect, since his was not a mortal father. Then
Alexander, changing his expression, desired to know of him
if any of those who murdered Philip were yet unpunished, and
further concerning dominion, whether the empire of the world was reserved for him? This, the god answered, he should obtain, and that
Philip's death was fully revenged, which gave him so much
satisfaction that he made splendid offerings to Jupiter,
and gave the priests very rich presents. This is what most
authors write concerning the oracles. But Alexander, in a letter to his mother, tells her there were some secret answers, which at
his return he would communicate to her only. Others say
that the priest, desirous as a piece of courtesy to
address him in Greek, "O Paidion," by a slip in
pronunciation ended with the s instead of the n, and said "O
Paidios," which mistake Alexander was well enough
pleased with, and it went for current that the oracle had
called him so.
Among
the sayings of one Psammon, a philosopher, whom he heard in
"Such
as immortal gods are wont to shed." And another time, when it thundered so much that everybody was afraid, and Anaxarchus,
the sophist, asked him if he who was Jupiter's son could
do anything like this, "Nay," said Alexander,
laughing, "I have no desire to be formidable to my friends, as you would have me, who despised my table for being furnished
with fish, and not with the heads of governors of
provinces." For in fact it is related as true, that
Anaxarchus, seeing a present of small fishes, which the king sent
to Hephaestion, had used this expression, in a sort of irony, and disparagement of those who undergo vast labours and encounter
great hazards in pursuit of magnificent objects which
after all bring them little more pleasure or enjoyment
than what others have. From what I have said upon this
subject, it is apparent that Alexander in himself was not foolishly affected, or had the vanity to think himself really a god, but
merely used his claims to divinity as a means of
maintaining among other people the sense of his
superiority.
At his
return out of
Darius
wrote him a letter, and sent friends to intercede with him, requesting
him to accept as a ransom of his captives the sum of a thousand talents, and offering him in exchange for his amity and alliance
all the countries on this side the river Euphrates,
together with one of his daughters in marriage. These
propositions he communicated to his friends, and when Parmenio
told him that, for his part, if he were Alexander, he should readily embrace them, "So would I," said Alexander, "if I
were Parmenio." Accordingly, his answer to Darius
was, that if he would come and yield himself up into his
power he would treat him with all possible kindness; if not, he was resolved immediately to go himself and seek him. But the death of
Darius's wife in childbirth made him soon after regret one
part of this answer, and he showed evident marks of grief
at thus deprived of a further opportunity of exercising
his clemency and good nature, which he manifested, however, as
far as he could, by giving her a most sumptuous funeral.
Among
the eunuchs who waited in the queen's chamber, and were taken prisoners
with the women, there was one Tireus, who, getting out of the camp,
fled away on horseback to Darius, to inform him of his wife's death. He, when he heard it, beating his head, and bursting into tears
and lamentations, said, "Alas! how great is the
calamity of the Persians! Was it not enough that their
king's consort and sister was a prisoner in her lifetime, but she
must, now she is dead, also be but meanly and obscurely buried?"
"O king," replied the eunuch, "as to her
funeral rites, or any respect or honour that should have
been shown in them, you have not the least reason to
accuse the ill fortune of your country; for to my knowledge neither your queen Statira when alive, nor your mother, nor children,
wanted anything of their former happy condition, unless it
were the light of your countenance, which I doubt not but
the lord Oromasdes will yet restore to its former glory.
And after her decease, I assure you, she had not only all due funeral ornaments, but was honoured also with the tears of your very
enemies; for Alexander is as gentle after victory as he
is terrible in the field." At the bearing of these
words, such was the grief and emotion of Darius's mind,
that they carried him into extravagant suspicions; and taking Tireus aside into a more private part of his tent, "Unless thou
likewise," said he to him, "hast deserted me,
together with the good fortune of Persia, and art become
a Macedonian in thy heart; if thou yet ownest me for thy master
Darius, tell me, I charge thee, by the veneration thou payest the light of Mithras, and this right hand of thy king, do I not
lament the least of Statira's misfortunes in her
captivity and death? Have I not suffered something more
injurious and deplorable in her lifetime? And had I not been
miserable with less dishonour if I had met with a more severe and inhuman enemy? For how is it possible a young man as he is should
treat the wife of his opponent with so much distinction,
were it not from some motive that does me disgrace?"
Whilst he was yet speaking, Tireus threw himself at his
feet, and besought him neither to wrong Alexander so much, nor
his dead wife and sister, as to give utterance to any such thoughts, which deprived him of the greatest consolation left him in his
adversity, the belief that he was overcome by a man whose
virtues raised him above human nature; that he ought to
look upon Alexander with love and admiration, who had
given no less proofs of his continence towards the Persian women, than of his valour among the men. The eunuch confirmed all he
said with solemn and dreadful oaths, and was further
enlarging upon Alexander's moderation and magnanimity on
other occasions, when Darius, breaking away from him into
the other division of the tent, where his friends and courtiers were, lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered this prayer, "Ye
gods," said he, "of my family, and of my
kingdom, if it be possible, I beseech you to restore the
declining affairs of Persia, that I may leave them in as flourishing
a condition as I found them, and have it in my power to make a
grateful return to Alexander for the kindness which in my adversity he has shown to those who are dearest to me. But if, indeed, the
fatal time be come, which is to give a period to the
Persian monarchy, if our ruin be a debt that must be paid
to the divine jealousy and the vicissitude of things,
then I beseech you grant that no other man but Alexander may sit
upon the throne of Cyrus." Such is the narrative given by the
greater number of the historians.
But to
return to Alexander. After he had reduced all Asia on this side
the
But the
great battle of all that was fought with Darius was not, as
most writers tell us, at Arbela, but at Gaugamela, which, in their
language, signifies the camel's house, forasmuch as one
of their ancient kings having escaped the pursuit of his
enemies on a swift camel, in gratitude to his beast,
settled him at this place, with an allowance of certain villages and rents for his maintenance. It came to pass that in the month
Boedromion, about the beginning of the feast of Mysteries
at
…
(Плутарх: АЛЕКСАНДАР ВЕЛИКИ)