Alternative
Educational Materials
Workbook 2
NATIONS
AND STATES IN
Chronology
1762 – Paisiy Hilendarski writes his Slav-Bulgarian Hisotry, through which he appeals for national self-awareness
1768-1774 – Russian-Ottoman war; Greek
revolt encouraged by
1797 – Draft constitution of the “
1800-1807 – ‘The Ionian Republic’, vassal
state of the
1804-1813 – First Serbian Revolt, led by Karadjordje; suppressed by the Ottomans
1805-1813 – Large parts of
1806-1812 – Russian-Ottoman war; through
the peace treaty of
1814 – Creation in
1815 – Second Serbian Revolt, led by Milosh
Obrenovich; in December 1815 the sultan recognizes Milosh as supreme knez of
the Serbs in the
1821 – Wallachian revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu; Greek revolution starting with the invasion of Moldavia by a small Greek army led by Alexandros Ypsilanti, followed by a rebellion spreading from the Peloponnese to other areas
1822 – The Greek National Assembly at
1826 – Sultan Mahmud II liquidates the
janissaries, and clears the way for reforms in the
1827 –
1828-1829 – Russian-Ottoman war; the
Russians occupy
1829 – Peace treaty at Adrianople (Edirne); Serbia is recognized as vassal principality, with Milosh Obrenovich as prince; Wallachia and Moldavia remain under Ottoman suzerainty, but are also placed under Russian protection
1830 – London Protocol:
1831-1832 – The Organic Revolutions, adopted
in Wallachia an
1832 – The Convention of
1834 –
1835 – Serbian Constitution (sanctioned by the sultan in 1838); limits the power of the prince in favor of an elected senate
1837 – Foundation of the
1839 – Hatt-i-Sherif of Gulhane; official
start of the Tanzimat reforms in the
1841 – Foundation of the National Bank of
1843-1844 – Period of intense nationalistic
movements in the Austrian Empire, with special emphasis on the struggle to
obtain official status for the national languages; within the framework, the
Croatian National revival (Illyrian Movement) struggles for the Croatian
language and for autonomous
1848-1849 – Revolutions throughout Europe, including the Austrian Empire and the Romanian Principalities; the revolutionaries combine political, social and national demands; national divisions generate conflicts between Hungarian, Croat and Romanian revolutionaries; the revolutors are heavily suppressed by the Ottomans and the Austrians who are supported by Russia
1850 – Autocephaly of the Greek Church (already declared in 1833), is granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1852 – Danilo I Petrovich (1851-1860)
transforms
1853-1856 – Crimean War; Russia defeated by the combined forces of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France and Sardinia; through the peace treaty of Paris, Moldavia Walachia and Serbia are placed under the collective protection of the Great Powers
1858 – Convention of
1859 – Double election of Alexandru Ioan
Cuza as prince of
1860 – Foundation of the
1862 – A revolution forces Otto I to leave
1863 – The Danish
1866 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to
abdicate; the German prince Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes prince of
1867 – Dualistic agreement: establishment
of
1866-1869, 1889 – Cretan revolts demanding
Ottoman reforms to be respected, but he ultimate goal being union with
1869 – The Bulgarian Revolutionary Central
Committee, headed by Lyuben Karavelov is established in
1870 – Establishment of the Bulgarian
Exarchate through an Ottoman decree; the Bulgarians obtain an ecclesiastical
organization separate from the Patriarchate in
1872 – Anti-nationalistic decision of the
senior Orthodox Patriarchates of Constantinople,
1875 – Anti-Ottoman uprising in
1876 – April Uprising of the Bulgarians, fiercely suppressed by the Ottomans; Serbia and Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman Empire, but are defeated: mounting international pressure and internal turbulence lead the Ottoman authorities to issue the first Ottoman Constitution, which grants full and equal rights to all Ottoman subjects: but also declares the empire to be ‘an indivisible one’
1877 – The Central Committee for the
Defence of the rights of the Albanian People is created in
1878 – Peace treaty of San Stefano (March 3); after intervention by Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, the congress of Berlin concludes with a new peace treaty (July 1); Romania, Serbia and Montenegro are recognized as independent states: Bulgaria is divided into the vassal principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia; Romania receives Dobrudja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia, surrendered to Russia; Serbia and Montenegro also receive modest territorial increases; Bosnia-Herzegovina is placed under Austrian-Hungarian administration: through a separate Ottoman-British convention, Cyprus is put under British rule remaining under Ottoman suzerainty (June 4, 1878). Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) suspends the Constitution of December 1876, dissolves the Parliament, and rules autocratically until 1908. Albanian League of Prizren formulates the national programme
1879 – The Turnovo Constitution in
1880 – Foundation of the National Bank of
1881 – Thessaly and the Arta region of
1885 – Union of Eastern Rumelia with
Bulgarian Principality; the attempt by
1886 – Political crisis in
1887 – The Bulgarians elect Ferdinand of Saxa-Coburg-Gotha as prince (1887-1918)
1893 – Creation of the IMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization)
1896 – First international Olympic Games in
1897 – Greek-Turkish War;
1989 – Crete becomes a vassal,
semi-autonomous state; the Greek
1903 – Coup in
1907 – Serious peasant rebellion in
1908 – Young Turk revolution in Ottoman
Empire; the Constitution of 1878 is restored and elections are organized for
the Ottoman Parliament;
1911-1912 – Italian-Ottoman War;
1912 – Albanian uprising; armed revolt organized by Ismail Qemal and Luigi Gurakuqi
1912-1913 – Balkan Wars; the Ottoman Empire
loses most of its European territories to
1914 – Prince William of Wied accepts the
throne as king of
1914-1918 – World War I…
(Thessaloniki 2005; Center for Democracy
and Reconciliation in
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